Books/Writings
Baruch Spinoza
1632 – 1677
Dutch

Baruch Spinoza was born in Amsterdam of Jewish parents who were refugees from the Spanish Inquisition. Of all the philosophers of the 17th century, perhaps none have more relevance today than Spinoza.

Contemporaries
1668–1744Giambattista Vico
1671–1713Anthony Shaftesbury
1675–1755Louis Saint-Simon
1585–1642Armand Richelieu
1642–1727Isaac Newton
1608–1674John Milton
1602–1661Jules Mazarin
1638–1715Louis XIV
1646–1716Gottfried Leibniz
1585–1638Cornelius Jansen
1583–1648Edward Herbert
1578–1657William Harvey
1647–1706Pierre Bayle